在世界先進國家環保意識抬頭、高喊節能減碳的同時,他們意識到的不是只有氣候變遷對地球生態的影響,而是他們早已面臨過極端高低溫突發時,對族群健康的衝擊。
根據全球對地球觀測組織(Group on Earth Observations, GEO)及緊急災難資料庫(Emergency
Disasters Data Base,
EM-DAT)的記錄顯示,自1950年來地球發生的自然災害有顯著的上升趨勢,以水災、風災及極高溫事件(熱浪、乾旱)最為明顯。近年歐美地區面臨到多次突發的極端氣溫事件而造成嚴重傷害,因此,熱浪及寒流對心血管及呼吸道疾病的影響最受關注。
熱浪與寒流 兩大威脅
何謂極端氣溫事件?目前世界各國多數以百分位數為主要區分準則,熱浪分別為99百分位、97百分位、95百分位及90百分位,寒冷期則為10百分位(*1-3)。暴露高溫會造成血液黏滯度及血中膽固醇濃度的增加(*4),因此會使得健康上本來就有問題的人,短時間容易因氣候變化而死亡
(harvest effect)。而暴露到冷氣候可能因改變人體血壓、促進血管收縮、增加血液黏滯度及血漿膽固醇濃度,而容易直接導致心血管壓力(*5,6)。
較常見的熱因性死因及疾病為熱痙攣、熱昏厥、熱中風、心血管疾病、心肌梗塞、呼吸道疾病及慢性肺部阻塞(*7,8);寒冷氣候相關死因及疾病除了失溫外,則為冠狀動脈痙攣/動脈粥樣化、流行性感冒、肺部感染等(*4,5,9-11);
此外,自殺、糖尿病及腎臟疾病(*12,13)亦與氣候具有相關。
弱勢族群 更易受創
整體來看,除了立即性的死因外,氣候變化相關疾病乃以慢性病為主。嬰幼兒、65歲以上老年人、低社經及免疫系統較脆弱的人、行動不便、藥癮、酒癮者均為主要危險族群(*5,12,14-18)。
寒流(cold
spell)對人體健康的影響,向來是研究的重點。美國疾病管制局分析寒害對人民健康上的影響,在1979-1998年間,美國平均每年約有700名個案死於失溫(範圍:420-1,024人/年),其中半數源自於極端寒冷氣象(*19)。
心血管疾病對於寒流反應遠大於熱浪,分析美國12城市死亡資料,發現寒流對心血管死亡影響,是熱浪對心血管疾病死亡影響的5倍(*7)。荷蘭研究(*18)證實同樣的結果,寒流來襲時死亡率上升12.8 %,並以心血管死因及年長者為主。
氣候變遷導致熱浪的頻率及強度日益增加,進而使得敏感性族群死亡率及就醫率的風險上升,尤其是年長者及都會區中的貧窮居民,並因空調設備的可近性差異,熱壓力將對較高緯度(溫帶)的族群有較大的影響(*20)(見下表)。
熱浪來襲 增12%死亡率
美國的CDC評估每年有240名個案死於熱相關因子,其中,在著名的1995年芝加哥熱浪中,相關死亡人數較他年同期增加了85%,就醫率增加了11%,該時期因熱導致的死亡個案至少有700名左右(*12,13,21)。同樣的,估計法國2003年發生的熱浪事件相關死亡人數(*22),約有11,435
人由於連續十五日的高溫而死亡,對75歲以上年齡層更造成69%以上的額外死亡率。進一步分區調查(*23),發現巴黎地區的額外死亡率更高出138-142%,兩份報告均顯示短時間極端氣候對人體健康衝擊極大。在西班牙也有同樣的發現(*2),研究人員發現當溫度超過41℃時,75歲以上族群死亡率會增加51%,心血管疾病風險大於呼吸道疾病,女性風險高於男性。荷蘭研究
(*18)則發現熱浪對所有死亡率均有影響,每天約額外增加12.1 %死亡率。
台灣四季如春,除了偶發寒流時夜半伴眠
的救護車警鈴聲,大眾可獲知的訊息就是來自新聞媒體的零星報導。台灣這樣一個高經濟體發展小島,氣候變異對國人的生命家園的衝擊,是否真的如自己所想像的安全呢,或許值得我們認真思考。
作者簡介
王玉純,台灣大學環境衛生研究所博士。研究領域為氣候變遷、空氣污染與人體健康風險評估,呼吸道傳染性疾病流行病學研究及風險分析模式,多年參予國科會氣候變遷對台灣公共衛生衝擊研究案,現職中原大學生物環境工程系助理教授。
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from:低碳生活部落格
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